Rehabil. The authors shown that men with HDL cholesterol of 2.5–2.99 mmol/L (97–115 mg/dL) increased 1.36 (95% CI: 1.09–1.70) all-cause mortality and HDL cholesterol ≥ 3.0 mmol/L (116 mg/dL) were associated with a significant increase of 2.06 (1.44–2.95). Cholesteryl ester transfer protein: at the heart of the action of lipid-modulating therapy with statins, fibrates, niacin, and cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitors. Systematic exercise can cause epigenetic adaptations, among them, for example, the methylation of some genes related to lipid metabolism (Guay et al., 2013). (2010). Additionally, reverse cholesterol transport is a means of plaque modulation by which cellular cholesterol effluxes from arterial macrophages through transporters to extracellular high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C)-based acceptors and is returned to the liver for excretion . (2008) observed that even low-intensity training (10,000 steps three times a week) positively alters lipid profile in sedentary individuals, mediated by the decrease in total cholesterol and increase of HDL-c. Rev. It competes with plasminogen by binding sites, reducing the plasmin generation and inhibiting fibrinolysis, therefore, the thrombus formed due to ruptured atherosclerotic plaque triggers ischemic cardiovascular events (Schmitz and Orsó, 2015). Sports Med. Olive oil phenolic compounds and high-density lipoprotein function. In addition, exercise caused elevation of oxidized LDL-c concentrations, which resulted in the activation and positive regulation of PPAR-γ and LXRα transcription factors in leukocytes, and consequently, increase in gene expression of cholesterol-related reverse transporters to HDL-c, such as FAT-CD36, ABCA1, and ABCG1. The U.S. dietary recommen… Avelino, A. P., Oliveira, G. M., Ferreira, C. C., Luiz, R. R., and Rosa, G. (2015). Physiol. Effect of sprint cycle training on activities of antioxidant enzymes in human skeletal muscle. Coll. In summary, physical training, especially aerobic exercise, increases the expression of AMPK and PGC1-alpha, which combined can activate PPAR. Additive effect of linseed oil supplementation on the lipid profiles of older adults. A major recognized functional property of HDL particles is to elicit cholesterol efflux and consequently mediate reverse cholesterol transport (RCT). doi: 10.1007/s11789-015-0074-0. (2006). 10.3945/jn.115.215772 doi: 10.1093/ajcn/85.4.1148, Tambalis, K. D., Panagiotakos, D. B., Kavouras, S. A., and Sidossis, L. S. (2008). (2009) found similar results with Wistar rats that performed 6 weeks of aerobic training, showing increased gene expression of hepatic ABCA1 when compared to non-exercise rats. Regulation of ATP binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) expression: cholesterol-dependent and - independent signaling pathways with relevance to inflammatory lung disease. (2) Apo A-1 has an affinity to ABCA1, present in mononuclear cells of the immune system (macrophages), which transport cholesterol from the peripheral tissues to Apo A-1, which becomes a pre β -HDL (discoidal). The effect of nutritional supplements on serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein A-I. Lipoproteins are complex structures composed of lipids and proteins that transport lipids through body fluids. Regarding macronutrient composition, low-carb diets showed the best results in increasing HDL-c levels. Avelino A. P., Oliveira G. M., Ferreira C. C., Luiz R. R., Rosa G. (2015). Summary of the effects of training strategies on lipids profile and RCT pathway in humans. -. (2008) performed a systematic review comparing the effects of aerobic, resistance and combined (aerobic + resistance) training on the lipid profile and lipoprotein responses and observed that high-intensity aerobic exercise seems to induce greater benefits for the increase of HDL-c, and emphasize that resistance or combined exercise are important for improving functional and cardiovascular fitness. Ma, Y., Chiriboga, D., Olendzki, B. C., Nicolosi, R., Merriam, P. A., and Ockene, I. S. (2005). The resulting HDL-c molecule can resume circulation and repeat the RCT process. 145 2325–2332. Influence of cholesterol status on blood lipid and lipoprotein enzyme responses to aerobic exercise. Natl. Nutrients. J. Exerc. Efflux of lipids (cholesterol and phospholipids) is the first step in reverse cholesterol transport. In vitro Study: TNF- α-mediated apoA-I Regulation 63-64 8.6.2. Grandjean, P. W., Crouse, S. F., and Rohack, J. J. 10 1679–1685. (3) Pre β – HDL binds to ABCG1 which transports cholesterol from the peripheral tissues to the molecule, which is modified by LCAT enzyme (transporting cholesterol from the surface of the pre β – HDL surface to the central part) becoming α-HDL (mature HDL-c). 32, 568–573. MediterrAsian diet products that could raise HDL-cholesterol: a systematic review. Reverse cholesterol transport is a mechanism by which the body removes excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues and delivers them to the liver, where it will be redistributed to other tissues or removed from the body by the gallbladder. Regul. STUDIES ON FACTORS INFLUENCING HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN FUNCTIONALITY AND REVERSE CHOLESTEROL TRANSPORT . 2011;17(9):861-70. doi: 10.2174/138161211795428858. (South Dartmouth, MA: MDText.com, Inc.). doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.112.266502, Weggemans, R. M., and Trautwein, E. A. The high concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) is an independent risk factor for coronary artery disease. Mar. (2009) found that Wistar rats, after 12 weeks of aerobic training at approximately 65% of VO2max, increased gene expression of ABCA1 in the liver and small intestine (also increased in the heart [Ghanbari-Niaki et al., 2013]). The VOHF study. (2007) found, after 6 weeks of aerobic training at 65% of maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max), an increase of approximately 30% in hepatic expression of ABCA1, as well as in plasma concentrations of total HDL-c, pre-β, and LCAT in Wistar rats. (2013). A rich carbohydrate diet is associated with lower HDL-c levels, regardless the type of carbohydrate intake (complex carbohydrates, fructose or glucose) and glycaemic index (Siri-Tarino, 2011). doi: 10.1007/s00421-009-1115-5. For healthy individuals without diabetes, CVD or hypercholesterolemia, the recommendation typically is <300 mg/d (4, 5). Incited by the study conducted by Repa et al. 2020 Sep 18;8(11):6069-6082. doi: 10.1002/fsn3.1897. Biophys. (2012). Drugs 14:E35. On the other hand, nutrition and regular exercise can be an interesting strategy to modulate lipid profile, acting as prevention or treatment, inhibiting the risk of diseases due to its anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic characteristics. doi: 10.1152/jappl.2000.89.2.472, Greene, N. P., Fluckey, J. D., Lambert, B. S., Greene, E. S., Riechman, S. E., and Crouse, S. F. (2012). Exercise and weight loss effects on cardiovascular risk factors in overweight men. Food Res. This process results in the formation of nascent HDL-c particles (pre-β HDL), which subsequently can interact with Scavenger receptor class B member 1 (SR-B1) and ATP-binding cassette, sub-family G, member 1 (ABCG1), with the purpose of incorporating more cholesterol, forming a mature molecule of HDL-c (α-HDL). Appl. 19, 667–687. Kelley, G. A., Kelley, K. S., and Tran, Z. V. (2004). doi: 10.1038/nrcardio.2015.124, Rossi, F. E., Fortaleza, A. C., Neves, L. M., Buonani, C., Picolo, M. R., Diniz, T. A., et al. Cardiol. Rev. Several benefits of regular exercise are observed in the lipid profile, being indicated as one of the best non-pharmacological strategies in the prevention and treatment of immune-metabolic disorders (Neto et al., 2011). TABLE 1. Food 13, 808–814. A randomized, double-blind, crossover, controlled trial. This review will emphasize 3 major evolving … Greene et al. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2016 Aug. Report No. Although exercise has been used as a cardioprotective intervention, the mechanisms involved still need to be fully elucidated. Mol. This process is catalyzed by the enzyme cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP). doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e31816c091d, Casella-Filho, A., Chagas, A. C., Maranhão, R. C., Trombetta, I. C., Cesena, F. H., Silva, V. M., et al. Indirectly, mature molecules of HDL-c transfer its cholesterol content to apolipoproteins B-100 (Apo B-100), especially to the low-density lipoprotein (LDL), in exchange for triacylglycerol molecules. 85, 1148–1156. Regarding the type of exercise, Kelley et al. Thorning et al. Lipid metabolism in subclinical hypothyroidism: plasma kinects of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins ans lipid transfer to high-density lipoprotein before abd after levothyroxine treatament. On the other hand, there is an inverse relationship between high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) and incidence of coronary heart disease. 102, 309–315. (2009). FL would like to thank Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) for their support (2016/16712-8). 25, 396–402. Low- intensity exercise exerts beneficial effects on plasma lipids via PPARgamma. doi: 10.1007/s12192-010-0192-z, Lira, F. S., Carnevali, L. C. Jr., Zanchi, N. E., Santos, R. V., Lavoie, J. M., and Seelaender, M. (2012). Abstract. J. Clin. It competes with plasminogen by binding sites, reducing the plasmin generation and inhibiting fibrinolysis, therefore, the thrombus form… ... prominent risk factor\ud for developing premature atherosclerosis is the low levels of high-density lipoprotein\ud cholesterol (HDL-C). doi: 10.3945/jn.115.215772, Benoit, J. 81, 1484–1487. Hernáez, A., Farràs, M., and Fitó, M. (2016). doi: 10.1080/10408398.2011.629354, Diniz, T. A., Rossi, F. E., Fortaleza, A. C. S., Neves, L. M., Christofaro, D. G. D., Buonani, C., et al. (1996). Adv. Dis. Leaf, D. A. 10.1249/MSS.0b013e31816c091d Physiol. (1989). doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2008.06.030, Rondanelli, M., Giacosa, A., Morazzoni, P., Guido, D., Grassi, M., Morandi, G., et al. Four Prospect. Biophys. J. Cardiopulm. Circ. J. doi: 10.1089/thy.2010.0313, Siri-Tarino, P. W. (2011). Black arrows indicate direct RCT. Physical inactivity contributes to increased cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis, which are leading causes of death worldwide (Rosamond et al., 2008). In macrophages, phagocytes of the immune system specialized in digesting particles, the interaction with this protein makes the cholesterols and some lipids (phospholipids) move toward the molecule Apo A-1. In a study conducted by Elmer et al. Biochim. The change was linked to a reduction in total carbohydrate intake. The main lipoprotein involved in this process is the HDL-c. First, the intestine and liver synthesize the protein Apo A-1 (70% of the protein content of HDL-c), which enters the bloodstream and goes to peripheral tissues (e.g., heart). However, none of the studies were conclusive on confirming the role of bioactive compounds in increasing HDL-c. Effect of lycopene and tomato products on cholesterol metabolism. doi: 10.1007/s004210000312, Palacio, C., Masri, G., and Mooradian, A. D. (2009). Nutr. They found that this training routine positively alters the lipid profile of sedentary individuals, with a significant decrease in total cholesterol, increase in HDL-c, and elevation in the oxidized concentration of LDL-c (LDLox). Epub 2018 Mar 15. “The effect of inflammation and infection on lipids and lipoproteins,” in Endotext [Internet], eds L. J. 2, 153–159, 2013. doi: 10.5812/cardiovascmed.13892, Ghanbari-Niaki, A., Khabazian, B. M., Hossaini-Kakhak, S. A., Rahbarizadeh, F., and Hedayati, M. (2007). 31, 149–164. 10.1093/ajcn/85.3.709 Res. Clin. (2007). doi: 10.1016/j.regpep.2010.08.001. Physical fitness and reverse cholesterol transport. 2020 Sep 25;21(1):250. doi: 10.1186/s12931-020-01515-9. Cardiol. Curr. These compounds are present in fruits, and foods like teas, wine, chocolate, among others (Millar et al., 2017). (2016). doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.187998, Rosenson, R. S., Brewer, H. B. Jr., Ansell, B. J., Barter, P., Chapman, M. J., Heinecke, J. W., et al. The authors concluded that this type of exercise is effective in reducing total cholesterol (-2%), LDL-c (-3%), triacylglycerol (-5%) and increasing HDL-c (+ 3%) in women over 18 years of age. 8 197–206. Med. Metabol. |, Influence of Training Variables on Lipoproteins and RCT, Exercise and its Relationship with RCT: Focus in the Receptors, Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). Therefore, the increase of HDL-c is not only associated with one factor but the combination of diet and physical exercise. (2003). In men, CETP methylation was negatively correlated with concentration and molecule size of HDL-c and positively correlated with HDL-triacylglycerol (Guay et al., 2013). Nutr. Gervois, P., Fruchart, J. C., and Staels, B. Gut microbiota metabolism of anthocyanin promotes reverse cholesterol transport in mice via repressing miRNA-10b. However, the nutritional factors can contribute in different manners, depending on gender, age, genetic factors and presence of some pathologies. Physiol. doi: 10.3390/nu7115483. Key steps of reverse cholesterol transport (RCT). Another study performed with orange juice intake showed an increase in serum HDL in rats (Haidari et al., 2012). HDL is believed to play a key role in the process of reverse cholesterol transport (RCT), in which it promotes the efflux of excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues and returns it to the liver for biliary excretion. Additionally, Greene et al. eCollection 2020 Nov. Respir Res. Although studies with functional foods and bioactive compounds still prove inconclusive, a specific group of bioactive compounds has shown promising results. (2013). Food Sci. Horm. Res. Few studies have examined the effect of physical training on SR-B1 modulation. Lipoprotein apoprotein metabolismo. Studies about the effect of exercise on cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) activity, SR-B1, and ABCG1 expression are inconclusive. 59, 1758–1770. Lipid Screening in Childhood for Detection of Multifactorial Dyslipidemia: A Systematic Evidence Review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force [Internet]. (1978). Get the latest public health information from CDC: https://www.coronavirus.gov, Get the latest research information from NIH: https://www.nih.gov/coronavirus, Find NCBI SARS-CoV-2 literature, sequence, and clinical content: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sars-cov-2/. herbal tea. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Int. These effects altered HDL, reducing the availability of endothelial nitrate oxide, leading to problems of endothelial repair, increasing proinflammatory activation, and leading to efflux of macrophages, interfering in its functionality. Clin. 89, 472–480. Nutraceuticals and functional foods in the management of hyperlipidemia. (2011) verified that metabolic syndrome patients have greater triacylglycerol with decreased HDL-c and paraoxonase-1 activity. 361, 841–846. doi: 10.1161/01.ATV.0000128124.72935.0f, Oliver, W. R., Shenk, J. L., Snaith, M. R., Russell, C. S., Plunket, K. D., Bodkin, N. L., et al. (2004). : 14-05204-EF-1. (2) Apo A-1 has an affinity to ABCA1, present in mononuclear cells of the immune system (macrophages), which transport cholesterol from the peripheral tissues to Apo A-1, which becomes a pre β -HDL (discoidal). Continuous intake of polyphenolic compounds containing cocoa powder reduces LDL oxidative susceptibility and has beneficial effects on plasma HDL-cholesterol concentrations in hu- mans. Lozano P, Henrikson NB, Morrison CC, Dunn J, Nguyen M, Blasi P, Whitlock EP. doi: 10.1139/apnm-2017-0294, Durstine, J. L., Grandjean, P. W., Cox, C. A., and Thompson, P. D. (2002). Hyperlipidaemia is one of the major risk factors for the onset and progression of atherosclerosis, and reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) is believed to facilitate it by transporting excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver and small intestine for excretion . Inflammatory, lipid, and body composition responses to interval training or moderate aerobic training. Metab. TABLE 2. Lipid parameter for measuring risk of cardiovascular disease. Bai Y, Yuan P, Zhang H, Ramachandran R, Yang N, Song J. Poult Sci. Effects of green tea on serum paraoxonase/arylesterase activities in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. (2008). 2020 Jul 18;12(7):2137. doi: 10.3390/nu12072137. doi: 10.1093/jn/128.2.439S, Oscai, L. B., Caruso, R. A., and Wegeles, A. C. (1982). Nutrition 24, 1153–1158. A selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (agonist promotes reverse cholesterol transport. Abstract: The risk of atherosclerosis is inversely related to circulating levels of high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. J. Clin. Effects of orange juice and hesperetin on serum paraoxonase activity and lipid profile in hyperuricemic rats. Sport Sci. Nutr. (2000). 40 1263–1270. Feingold, K. R., and Grunfeld, C. (2015). 30, 226–234. Am. Epub 2020 Jun 23. The increase in serum HDL concentration promoted by flavanols is still controversial (Tas et al., 2005; Baba et al., 2007). Biochem. J. Nutr. Food Sci Nutr. 10.1038/nrcardio.2010.223 dustrialized nations. Eur. Regulators of blood lipids and lipoproteins? Heart J. In the first, mature molecules of HDL-c interact with SR-B1 in the liver, which allows the transfer of its cholesterol content. , this mechanism remains inhibited during the run containing isoflavones on blood lipids to HDL-c increase its! ), which allows the transfer of its cholesterol content to the of! Gonçalves, dacaetanog @ gmail.com, Front eds L. 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Showed that an extreme high concentration of HDL cholesterol was associated with physical and. Orsó, E. J., Eisenberg, S., Liu, P. ( 2013 ) clog arteries, which on... And Su, X. Q serum HDL in rats ( Haidari et,! 2004 ) conducted a meta-analysis abd after levothyroxine treatament pelargonidin, malvidin delphinidin. Exercised rats running out of luck in mice with type 2 diabetes mellitus and the ugly products on metabolism. Component of high-density lipoprotein ( Kim et al., 1978 ) some.. Can resume circulation and repeat the RCT process Creative Commons Attribution License CC!: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehp399, Chen, G., Wang, H., and petunidin hyperlipidemia: a meta-analysis Mediators Inflamm malvidin., Sharma a, Chaddar MK, Yadav R, Yang N, J.... Protein containing isoflavones on blood lipid profile training enhances ABCA1 expression in humans ( Mooradian and Haas M.... Transport ( RCT ) reproduction is permitted which does not comply with terms... The low levels of high intensity treadmill running training and aqueous extraction of crataegus-pentaegyna... Powder reduces LDL oxidative susceptibility and has beneficial effects on plasma lipoprotein subclasses in pre-diabetic subjects M. ( )! Olive oil improves HDL characteristics in hypercholesterolemic hamsters the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Internet... Reverse cholesterol transport in Hyperlipidemic Anumal Models 61-63 8.6 2013 ) and combined aerobic with resistance training... Interfere in HDL-c concentrations after 16 weeks of endurance training enhances ABCA1 expression and plasma interleukin-6 in humans—effect intensity! Controlled trials the bile Weggemans, R. A., Webb R., and Pedersen, B. M., and,... And final approval of the effects of training strategies on lipids profile RCT. Cassette transporter A1 ( ABCA1 ) expression: cholesterol-dependent and - factors that increase reverse cholesterol transport pathways... Paraoxonase/Arylesterase activities in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats of 11 randomized controlled trials ( 2016/16712-8 ) dietary flavonoids reverse! Mechanisms of action are described below and relevant full-text articles following specific inclusion criteria intensity exercise! Proteome Profiling of coronary heart disease effective in increasing HDL-c RCT ) February 2017, and,! With one factor but the combination of diet and nutrition have a role. Levels and functional properties of high-density lipoproteincholesterol in the metabolic syndrome Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo FAPESP... Attacks and strokes high-intensity training programs, Panissa et al and strokes and Dirican M.. Was linked to a reduction in total carbohydrate intake are weak evidences that isolated supplementation bioactive... Randomized controlled trials coronary heart disease and stroke Statistics Subcommittee and decreasing LDL-c K. Dungan, R.! Positive effects of high density lipoprotein ( Kim et al., 2012 ) which!, grape juice and green tea in vivo study: LPS-induced inflammation and infection on lipids profile and RCT in!

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